Purpose
The opioid epidemic necessitates training medical students, the future clinicians, to manage opioid overdose effectively. The current study aims to identify the prevalence of these training programs and assess their outcomes.

Methods
A literature search was done up to August 2024 on PubMed, the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ), and Google Scholar, with keywords “opioid overdose” OR “opioid use disorder” AND “attitude” OR “stigma” AND “naloxone training” AND “medical students”.

Results
Only 18 out of a total of 192 (9.4%) medical schools in the United States reported training programs for opioid overdose response. These training programs were delivered either in-person, online, or both, with only five including practical sessions and fourteen mandatory. Three highly reported programs were Data 2000 waiver training, Opioid Overdose Awareness and Reversal Training (OOART), and Substance Use Disorder (SUD) training. The duration of the programs ranged from 5 minutes to 17 hours. Trainees were from 1st-year to 4th-year, and the majority of them were first-year medical students. The most common assessment tools were pre-surveys and post-surveys which evaluated objective knowledge about and subjective attitudes toward opioid overdose. Those trainings, whether conducted in person or online and being elective or mandatory, significantly enhanced medical students' knowledge and self-reported competency in managing opioid overdoses. Further, some studies reported a reduction in the stigma associated with Opioid Use Disorder.

Conclusion
This study establishes the effects of opioid overdose harm reduction and naloxone training programs in improving knowledge, confidence, and preparedness for opioid overdose among medical students. The effectiveness of this training calls for its incorporation into medical curricula.